I was a kid from a small town in '80s Poland (the poorest part of it). The local secondary school had a whole Elwro-equipped classroom.
Many of my friends had 8-bit computers: the first one I encountered in 1986 was a ZX Spectrum, owned by my friend whose father worked in UK. I recall visiting classmates between 1986-89 and playing for hours on their Spectrums, C64s and Ataris (800XL, 65XE). The local community centre had Atari 520ST (or maybe two?) and it was available for the local kids to play with.
I estimate that in '89 my town of 5k had at least 20 computers.
Pegasus arrived in 1991 but many of the 8-bit owners already upgraded to Amigas, which were really common in my area.
I am in the same situation. Sometimes I wonder if I should have responded to a bit higher offer sent by someone who possibly was a super wealthy Saudi kid (I am talking racing-lambos-in-the-desert-rich kind).
In 2016 someone figured out how to successfully repeatedly reset the password without my knowledge (via support maybe?). But since my e-mail was not compromised they didn't manage to change the password (or I was quick enough to set it again before they executed some second step of their scheme). I upgraded the security measures to 2FA and some insanely long password and it ceased.
Since November 2020 I am subjected to a brute-force attack - someone is trying to log in and I am getting an email notification about it each time. In the beginning it was once every five (!) minutes, later every 15 minutes. It went like this for over a year, now it seems to be throttled with emails arriving once every few days.
I am suprised that for such a long time Instagram didn't implement anything to counter such activities.
Unit 3 was just behind a wall, but 1 and 2 were quite far away (300-500m).
They all had multiple serious incidents before and after the Chernobyl Disaster (1982 - partial core meltdown at #1, 1984 - incidents at #3 and #4, 1991 - fire at the turbine hall of #2). This was the most unsafe nuclear power plant in the whole USSR and the operators were in grave danger all the time.
There are still 8 reactors of the same type (RBMK) active in Russia, though they have been retrofitted with changes to reduce the risk of another Chernobyl scenario.
I just checked the scan "confirming" that it is accepted by Poland and that proof is a temporary 14 day visa issued in June 1990 in Berlin embassy by a 65y old communist diplomat/spy (according to publicly available documents). With a stamp of "Polish People's Republic" - a name that was changed to "Republic of Poland" at the end of 1989. I guess that was a moment in time where anyone in that embassy could happily stamp an outdated visa on anything for $50.
I'm now very curious about the stories behind all of these. Did someone attempt to enter the EU with a Byzantine Empire passport?? What did it even look like?
Yes, the fact that they choose a neutral association name ("The World Nuclear Industry Status Report") when they are actually a militant antinuclear association[0] makes their message way less credible.
Using this kind of shady tactics may have some superficially good effect, but once people catch you manipulating them so grossly, they tend to disregard your arguments afterward.
Unfortunately, his main point is 100% correct. According to the recent IPCC report, if we want to limit warming to 1.5C, we need to be at zero net carbon by 2025. But, we literally can't build the plants fast enough to accomplish that. See my comment a few weeks ago here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27835924
There is nothing we can do at this point to hit the 2025 target of net zero using anything…
People like him are just as responsible for the current crisis as Halliburton et al.
France has one of the cleanest grids on the planet with less than 10% of electricity produced using fossil fuels. And it has been the case for decades. If all developed countries would’ve been even close to this we would’ve been at a very different situation right now.
The most spectacular example of regenerative braking are trains that are used in Scandinavia, heavily loaded with iron ore that is transported to the coast:
"In Scandinavia the Kiruna to Narvik electrified railway carries iron ore on the steeply-graded route from the mines in Kiruna, in the north of Sweden, down to the port of Narvik in Norway to this day. The rail cars are full of thousands of tons of iron ore on the way down to Narvik, and these trains generate large amounts of electricity by regenerative braking, with a maximum recuperative braking force of 750 kN. From Riksgränsen on the national border to the Port of Narvik, the trains use only a fifth of the power they regenerate. The regenerated energy is sufficient to power the empty trains back up to the national border. Any excess energy from the railway is pumped into the power grid to supply homes and businesses in the region, and the railway is a net generator of electricity." (via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brake#Conversion_... )
The heavy iron ore is essentially a large battery storing gravitational energy. In a way it's just another natural energy source. Maybe in the future clean power can be generated from pulling down mountains.
Years ago I visited the Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station [0] reservoir in person. It's a massive man-made lake on the top of a small mountain in Pennsylvania, USA.
They pump water up to it at night (when there is excess energy in the power grid), and let the water out in the day when the demand for energy is high (turning some turbines on its way down).
Prior to visiting I had an intellectual understanding of the concept of pumped storage [1], but I have to admit that it's one heck of an experience when you see it up close and personal. My thoughts standing at the edge of this massively perfect-circle deep lake full of water: "somebody built that... and it's one BIG BATTERY".
If you get a chance to visit one of these, I highly recommend it!
The idea of pumped storage is pretty simple, but compared to lithium batteries the energy density is ridiculously small. If you already have an area that can be used for it (abandoned mine or reservoir) then it's pretty simply technology to build, but otherwise it's probably not worth it.
As an example of how low density it is, imagine having a 1000l IBC tank, filled with water, on your roof at a height of 10m. That water (~1000kg) has a potential energy of 98000J or 27Wh - less than a laptop battery :D
True, but pumped storage can be made ridiculously large given favorable terrain. I've been to one that pumps 5 million tonnes of water up 800 meters (half a mile of head!), generating up to 1GW on the way back down. It probably costs less to maintain that thing than to charge and discharge an equivalent amount of lithium batteries every day.
Density isn’t everything. It’s likely a lot cheaper and less environmentally destructive to dig a big hole in the ground than to manufacture a lithium battery.
That is not entirely a given. Large eathworks have important knock effects on the environment and wildlife. We tend to think that dams and such are harmless but they change their surroundings radically. I had experience living next to one which modified the local climate and made a large contribution to the desertification of the place.
(I cannot immediately find a link to the specific talk. USGS is fun: full of crusty geologists, who even in the heart of the Silicon Valley aren't particularly technologically sophisticated (a nice reminder of how niche we all are) )
With pumped storage you don't need anywhere near the amount of water or storage needed for straight Hydro. In a 24 hour cycle, you can empty the top dam into the low dam, running the generators flat chat (unlike typical hydro which is limited by water supply), then pump it back up again for reuse. If you do the numbers (E=m.g.h) the amount of water required to store energy for a city of millions is quite tractable, assuming a decent head.
Australia is doing exactly this with "Snowy 2.0" (by connecting existing dams).
350,000 megawatt hours of energy storage, which is enough to power 3 million homes for a week, or (if there was enough generation/transmission capacity to get the energy in/out fast enough) the entire nation for 12 hours.
Another recent example in 2021. Kauai is supposed to be up to 80% powered by renewables with their pumped storage install. Small scale, but great example.
I think you are describing pump-back hydro dams which are only a subset of pumped storage. Strictly speaking pumped storage only requires an elevation change and a water supply
If not near a water supply or lack of intent to use some of the pumped water for irrigation anyway, as the parent post said, (nearly) everywhere it was worthwhile to do is already doing it.
The alternative is another form of gravity battery, often involving railway on a hillside and cars loaded with stone.
As Swiss friend once told me that Switzerland have super cheap electrical power by buying surplus power from the french nuclear power plants in summer and pumping into reservoirs high in the mountains.
Never verified the story, but geography checks out.
Demand is low at night, but many types of power plants are not easily/efficiently throttled down for lower supply (e.g.: nuclear, wind). So it makes sense to use the extra supply to pump water up.
They generate the energy probably all of the time. At night, however, fewer customers are using and so they can store the excess. That stored energy can then smooth out large changes in the daytime operating hours, or it can just supplement the supply as necessary.
At least in the case of https://www.electricmountain.co.uk/Dinorwig-Power-Station it provides near-instantaneous peak power (especially at the top of the hour when everyone turns on their kettle for tea), and is recharged through the early am via nuclear and other power plants that can't be shut down that quickly.
You run the trains up the hill when energy is cheap or, for example, when the sun is out and solar works. Then when you need it, you run the trains down hill to generate electricity. Similar to pumped hydro where they do the same by pumping water up hill and then draining it downhill later. Super cool!
It's interesting as a thought, but I don't think it's likely to be large-scale practical.
Suppose you wanted to run a normal electric train up a mountain. It would certainly take a decent amount of power but not so much that it would be a big challenge for a city-scale power grid. So far you're not yet talking the scale of power where storing it would really be interesting to a grid.
One option to store more power would be to make the train much, much heavier. Sounds simple enough -- fill all of the cars with concrete and now hauling it up the mountain will store a lot more power. However now the rails and the trains themselves will need to be far sturdier than a normal railway, and will wear out quickly.
The other option will be to simply scale up -- start the day with a hundred trains in a rail yard at the bottom of the mountain and over the course of a day move them all to a rail yard at the top. Now you have successfully stored a decent amount of juice.
But hold on a minute... you've now built two large rail yards, meaning you'll need a lot of relatively flat real estate at both altitudes. How about instead you just dig a hole on each side, called it a reservoir, and put a pipe between the two? Certainly it must be a lot easier to store and move mass in the form of water than it is in the form of trains!
That is why I don't see much potential in rail-based storage: if you have the geography to build one at-scale, probably you could build pumped hydro there cheaper. Even if you were in a water-scarce area where you would need to enclose both reservoirs to avoid evaporation loss it still sounds simpler to me than building and maintaining a hundred heavy trains would be. Also, routing a pipe between two reservoirs is a lot more flexible than building a railway.
Yeah the idea is the trains are filled with tons of weight.
In my head it still seems like it would be cheaper than digging out massive reservoirs for pumped hydro. Rail seems relatively cheap even if you do have to replace it regularly because of the wear. It also seems like you could put the rail in all sorts of geographies, big and small. Maybe it isn't worth it unless you go big though... and at that point why not hydro.
It's good questions though. No idea how the economics of it will work out vs pumped hydro.
Ideally have the transportees walk up the hill by themselves, summer sledding style. That way you are by some strange definition guaranteed to be net positive ;-)
I think you are on to something here. Make all elevators in hi-rises down-only and all stairwells up-only. Convert falling excess desk-jockey blubber into usable electricity while lowering rate of CV disease and generally improving fitness. Downside is probably a lot of BO that didn't exist before.
Clean power and mountaintop removal are mutually exclusive. That is neither clean nor renewable. Among other things, the water that flows through mineshafts, collects in quarries, or over strip-mines is often toxic as hell. When you dig into the rock like that, you expose a lot of water soluble toxic shit to the elements which poisons everything downstream.
A thousand (1e3) metric tons (1e3 kg) of anything, up a thousand meters (1e3), has 1e9x(10)=1e10 Joules of potential energy on earth (g=~10 m/s2).
At 80% conversion (8e9 J) and assuming 1/8 of the energy is "payload" after paying for the train to go up, that's still ~1e9 or a GigaJoule.
At a -20% grade, you're looking at a 5km train ride, which reasonably might take a half hour or less (1800s). So, you're generating GJ/1800s = 555 KW by pulling down the mountain, assuming the rocks magically teleport into and out of your hoppers. (Thanks @calvinlh )
That's approximately 100-200 households per train pair, which might generate 10 K$ / month in electrical sales?
Saluda Grade is the steepest standard-gauge mainline railway grade in the United States.[1] Owned by the Norfolk Southern Railway as part of its W Line, Saluda Grade in Polk County, North Carolina, gains 606 feet (185 m) in elevation in less than three miles between Melrose and Saluda. Average grade is 4.24 percent for 2.6 miles (4.2 km) and maximum is 4.9% for about 300 feet (91 m).
Unless you're gonna build that mountain style with gear drive and toothed tracks, you're probably looking at 5% grade and a 20km ride, which drops you down to ~140kW for 2 hours.
Ion the other hand, it seems you can get 11 thousand tonnes in a coal train:
Scifi novel idea: A habited planet without a sun (these actually exist) with heavy elements and high gravity. The surface unevenness is the best source of energy.
After millions of years of extracting energy from flattening, the planet becomes a perfect ball and all life ceases as there is no energy to be found anywhere.
A similar concept is the Snowy Hydro project in Australia - essentially it is a battery for clean energy generators such as wind and solar when they cannot generate. There are two lakes - one at the top of a mountain and one at the bottom. When the wind is blowing or the sun is shining the wind generators and the solar panels power pumps that pump water from the bottom lake up to the top lake. When the sun is down or the wind is not blowing and electricity cannot be generated from panels or wind, water is run using gravity from the top lake to the bottom lake through a turbine, generating electricity that way and ensuring constant supply.
The iron ore was pulled up from the ground, so "some" energy is used there, to lift it into the trains. Now the mine is not quite as deep as ocean level, so there is still a net potential energy gain (you could say).
Those sources of energy are both renewable and can be deconstructed with no permanent environmental impact, which makes them "clean" in my mind but I agree it's an ambiguous word.
This is fascinating. So they are essentially harvesting the gravitational potential energy of the iron ore at altitude to charge the batteries (and then some) for the cargoless return trip. Outstanding.
Reminds me of this dam operation around here that pumps water up to a mountain top reservoir during the day when power is cheap and then lets it go at night when it can generate and sell the electricity for more money. I was always in awe of the lake size battery they created.
> ... catastrophic failure of a triangular section of the reservoir wall and the release of 1 billion US gallons (3,800,000 m3) of water in 12 minutes. The sudden release sent a 20-foot (6.1 m) crest of water down the East Fork of the Black River.
> A broad swath of dense forest was washed away and scoured to bedrock by the escaping flow.
A tidbit that will be interesting to any programmer or engineer: one of the causes of the failure was that the high-water gauges were moved to above the height of the dam wall because someone was annoyed by false positives.
Taum Sauk is unusual in that the dam fully surrounds the upper reservoir (i.e. the lake was made from scratch), although certainly all types of dam can fail.
Pumped hydro is one of the cheapest ways to store electricity iff you have the topography available to create the uphill lake and plenty of water available to compensate for evaporation.
> I was always in awe of the lake size battery they created.
This is exactly the feeling I had when visiting the Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station that I mentioned in one of my other comments that I just posted before seeing your post. Truly awe inspiring. (Links provided in my other comment). Do go visit one of these!
So in an hour that's 36000L of water pumped up into the hypotheticals 1 million gallon tank. Right on the three orders of magnitude short that a previous commenter pointed out.
Right, but that's about maintaining pressure and supply when everyone wants a shower at the same time in the morning, not about harvesting the energy of it all flowing downhill.
Which has a nearly infinitive range because because of how the quarry is set-up! In a way the perfect use case for electrification. The truck is able to drive anywhere and much more flexible - e.g. compared to a conveyor belt or cable car solution.
ARES (Advanced Rail Energy Storage) has been trying to commercialize purpose-built facilities of this type, with the first currently under construction in Nevada. They've gone through a number of design revisions but what they're building right now seems just just be multiple-unit trains full of gravel on straight lines. They've also proposed a system of autonomous trains loading and unloading concrete blocks via switchyards, but I imagine they are holding off on this more complex design for a larger installation, and the current site is a gravel quarry so they're using native materials. Advertised efficiency is over 90% at 5MW per rail line.
I’ve seen something similar to this with large dump trucks made for hauling loads down mountains. They generate so much power fully loaded on the way down that they can make the trip all the way back up.
An older strategy was to connect ore cars together so that the full train going down hill would pull the empty train going up hill. It was depicted in The Railway Series
