Electric is likely cheapest considering duty cycle and fuel usage, and the battery should not need to be replaced for hundreds of thousands of miles, at which point we will have better batteries that last even longer and are cheaper.

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41409422

https://petapixel.com/2024/08/30/scientists-discovered-a-way...

https://www.cell.com/joule/abstract/S2542-4351(24)00353-2